The Bank of England released a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Discussion Paper on March 12th, 2020. The DCI curated a response, led by Rob Ali, which explored topics in the paper (June 12th, 2020)
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For central bankers, the game changed last summer when Facebook unveiled its proposal for Libra. Many have responded by seriously exploringwhether and how they should issue their own digital money.
Arguably, though, the more fundamental change is more than a decade old. It was Bitcoin that first made it possible to transfer digital value without the need for an intermediary, a model that competes directly with the traditional financial system. The network’s resilience against attackers suggests there is another way of setting up the system.
Last weekend at the MIT Bitcoin Expo held on campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts, I sat down with experts familiar with central banking as well as cryptocurrency. We discussed the practical concerns central bankers should be considering as they begin to design their own digital money systems. One common theme: central bankers have plenty to learn from Bitcoin.
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In a 2019 speech, Bank of England governor Mark Carney said that “Technology has the potential to disrupt the network externalities that prevent the incumbent global reserve currency from being displaced.” Certainly one of the most interesting places where technology is disrupting payments and finance is in cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrencies have emerged from open source development communities in large part because electronic transaction systems are too expensive and they have not evolved fast enough to keep pace with the demand for retail online digital payments and more sophisticated types of financial transactions. The wide variety of experimentation in cryptocurrencies is causing technologists and central bankers to rethink the interface to money and explore a digital form which can be held by users and companies directly. This could lead to a financial system with a simplified institutional structure, capable of serving the public at a much lower cost. Though there has been much discussion about the policy design for central bank-issued digital currency (CBDC), there are important technical points missing from the conversation: CBDC should not be a direct copy of existing cryptocurrencies with exactly the same design and features but there are things we can learn from their emergence - the usefulness of programmability in money and the importance of preserving user privacy.
Cryptocurrency technology, in some instances, can provide an important feature: Anyone can participate and build applications with financial transactions to a standard, which creates a free-entry market that enables competition. These rules are set and maintained by users of the system, not by a coalition of companies or other large market participants. This is due in large part to the fact that many participate in observing, auditing, and validating the creation of money and the legitimacy of payments by observing a highly replicated audit trail of activities.
The cryptocurrency ecosystem should be viewed as a laboratory where developers are inventing different technologies, monetary policies, governance strategies, and reward systems which are competing. The space is still in its infancy, but make no mistake -- successful ideas from this area will eventually find their way into the more conservative world of fiat digital payments. Libra and other stablecoins are the latest prominent example of these ideas breaking through. There will be more.
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Cash is gradually dying out. Will we ever have a digital alternative that offers the same mix of convenience and freedom?
by Mike Orcutt Jan 3, 2020
Think about the last time you used cash. How much did you spend? What did you buy, and from whom? Was it a one-time thing, or was it something you buy regularly?
Was it legal?
If you’d rather keep all that to yourself, you’re in luck. The person in the store (or on the street corner) may remember your face, but as long as you didn’t reveal any identifying information, there is nothing that links you to the transaction.
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The year is 2021, and the nation is in crisis. North Korea has just tested a missile that will soon be capable of delivering a nuclear warhead to the continental U.S. The move took Washington by surprise as the project was likely funded via a new Chinese digital currency, which allowed North Korea to bypass the global banking system. In response, the National Security Council House has gathered in the White House Situation Room to formulate short- and long-term responses.
“Digital Currency Wars: A National Security Crisis Simulation” unfolded before a packed audience in Kennedy School Forum on Tuesday night. Hosted by the Economic Diplomacy Initiative and co-sponsored by the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, the exercise brought together administration veterans, career diplomats, and academics to dramatize a very real prospect — the rise of an encrypted digital currency that would upend the U.S. dollar’s dominance and effectively render ineffective economic sanctions, like those currently applied to North Korea.
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This paper by DCI Reserach Scientist Robleh Ali sets out a structure for a digital fiat currency system. The primary benefit of the cellular structure is that it lowers barriers to entry for payments by using trustless intermediation between cells in the system. The larger purpose of this structure is to create an open foundation for a decentralized financial system in which competition can thrive but which cannot be captured by private interests.
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The MIT Technology review interviews Robleh Ali, former manager of digital currency for the Bank of England, now research scientist at the MIT Digital Currency Initiative, on why initial coin offerings are dangerous and how to make them more useful. From the piece:
What do you think are the main misconceptions about ICOs?
The problem with ICOs is they want to ride two horses. The use of the word “coin” implies that the tokens being sold are money. The phrase “initial coin offering” is deliberately evocative of “initial public offering,” which is about a company selling shares to the public. They want to ride the Bitcoin horse by saying, “We’re not a security—it’s just money,” but they also want to ride the “You’re buying into a future enterprise that will be worth a lot of money” concept that’s inherent in the sale of shares. That’s one of the big tensions with ICOs, that lack of clarity, and that’s something that needs to be fixed.
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We might best understand Bitcoin as a microcosm of how a new, decentralized, and automated financial system could work.
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